Bioavtur Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate through Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Processes

Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

Production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) having high free fatty acids (FFA) was investigated in this work. Batch esterifications of PFAD were carried out to study the influence of: including reaction temperatures of 70–100 1C, molar ratios of methanol to PFAD of 0.4:1–12:1, quantity of catalysts of 0–5.502% (wt of sulfuric acid/wt of PFAD) and reaction...

Kinetics Study of Free Fatty Acids Esterification for Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate Catalysed by Sulfated Zirconia

Kinetic study of free fatty acids (FFAs) esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using sulfated zirconia (S-ZrO2) prepared by solvent-free method calcined at low temperature as the heterogeneous catalyst was studied. The reaction was performed in a batch-stirred reactor at the different temperature to obtain the kinetic data. The effect of reaction conditi...

Microwave-assisted biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate.

In the current research work, effect of microwave irradiation energy on the esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to produce PFAD methyl ester / biodiesel was intensively appraised. The PFAD is a by-product from refinery of crude palm oil consisting >85% of free fatty acid (FFA). The esterification reaction process with acid catalyst is needed to convert the FFA into fatty acid me...

synthesis of sulfides from alcohols and thiols in solvent-freeconditions and deoxygenation of sulfoxides

کاتالیست یک سنتز جدید برای تیواترها توصیف شده است. واکنش الکل ها با آریل، هتروآریل و آلکیل تیو ل ها درحضور 1،3،5- تری آزو- 2،4،6- تری فسفرین-2،2،4،4،6،6 هگزاکلراید ((tapc به عنوان یک کاتالیست موُثر، بازده های خوب تا عالی از تیواترها را حاصل می کند. علاوه براین، واکنش تحت شرایط بدون فلز و بدون حلال پیش می رود، بنابراین یک مکمل جالب برای روش های شناخته شده سنتز تیواترها ارائه می دهد. یک مکانیسم ا...

Synthesis of Palm Oleic Acid-based Macromers